Дым сигарет с ментолом

Интересная инфа о влиянии ментола на "привыкабельность":
Cigarettes are just plain bad, as we all know by now.
But what about the ones that contain menthol? Are they worse?
A panel of experts is mulling menthol and trying to come up with some advice for the Food and Drug Administration on whether menthol should be forbidden as an additive.
Young people seem to gravitate to menthol-flavored cigarettes, and there's evidence menthol may make it harder for smokers trying to quit. It turns out that tiny amounts of menthol are even added as a subtle flavor-enhancer to many cigarettes that aren't labeled as menthol types.
Should menthol be banned —- just as Congress has banned other flavorings in cigarettes? Tobacco industry representatives say taste is the only thing that distinguishes menthol cigarettes from regular one — they aren't more harmful.
The use of menthol started accidentally, after mint crystals got left in a smoker’s tin of rolling tobacco overnight years ago.
The mint in menthol cigarettes may be natural or synthetic or a combination of both. Natural mint is crystalized from steamed distilled oil of the corn mint plant. Some 99 percent of the mint comes through in the smoke.
So how does the stuff get put on cigarettes? A bunch of ways. Sometimes, it's applied to the foil that is used to wrap the cigarettes. It's also sprayed on the tobacco, and even injected into the tobacco paper or the filter.
After a few weeks for aging, Michael Ogden of R.J. Reynolds says the effect was found to be the same pretty much regardless of method, according to smokers who volunteered for taste tests.
Ogden says testers describe the menthol smokes using terms like "cooling sensation, minty flavor and medicinal flavor."
Menthol can be misleading. "Menthol leads to the perception of an increase in nasal airway openness but in fact there is no actual change and (some studies have shown) minor constriction," Ogden says
R.J. Reynolds is the maker of Kool and Salem, once the leading menthol brands. Now, Newport dominates the market. It's from Lorillard, whose Scientific Director William True can sound like someone on Top Chef when he describes how the company assesses menthol.
True says the company taste experts sample packs the way some people test fine wine. They are sensitive to such things as a cigarette's early draw, the tobacco's papery or woody flavors, whether it's bitter or sweet, has a later draw or an after taste.
But it isn't menthol's taste that is under scrutiny at the hearing.
The scientific advisory panel wanted to know what properties in mentholated cigarettes attract young people, African Americans, and other ethnic groups. Newport is the top menthol cigarette for adolescents, according to the federal Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration. The thinking is that menthol mellows the harshness of tobacco, which makes it easier for initiates to inhale and others to inhale more deeply.
True objected strenuously. "Absolutely not," he says. "Our product developers do not use menthol in any shape or form to cover, mask or minimize that harsh taste. The most significant items that impact the harsh taste of the cigarette are the tobacco blend, the moisture level of the blend and the filter ventilation."
The manufacturers of menthol cigarettes also deny that young people and ethnic groups are targeted with promotions. Industry representatives couldn't explain why menthol smokers tend to smoke fewer cigarettes, or why cancer rates are higher among African American smokers 70 percent of whom smoke menthol but smoke fewer cigarettes per day than non-menthol smokers.
"Internal studies do not indicate that menthol cigarettes are smoked any differently or more intensely than non menthol," according to Lorillard's William True. "These studies reinforce the overwhelming weight of epidemiology literature that menthol and non menthol convey similar risk of chronic disease."
Прочитано на http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2010/07/16/128563062/menthol-the-mystery-ingredient-in-cigarettes

Три новых статьи об эффектах наркотических веществ

http://scienceblogs.com/drugmonkey/2010/02/synthetic_marijuana_k2_spice_j.php - о синтетической марихуане
http://www.scientificblogging.com/news_articles/does_recreational_drug_use_damage_memory - о проблемах с памятью у употребляющих психотропные вещества
http://scienceblogs.com/drugmonkey/2010/02/as_many_dependent_on_cannabis.php - о связи курения марихуаны и употребления героина

Новое о курении марихуаны

Нашла на http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-08/acs-geo_1080509.php

In a finding that challenges the increasingly popular belief that smoking marijuana is less harmful to health than smoking tobacco, researchers in Canada are reporting that smoking marijuana, like smoking tobacco, has toxic effects on cells. Their study is scheduled for the Aug. 17 issue of ACS' Chemical Research in Toxicology, a monthly journal.

Rebecca Maertens and colleagues note that people often view marijuana as a "natural" product and less harmful than tobacco. As public attitudes toward marijuana change and legal restrictions ease in some countries, use of marijuana is increasing. Scientists know that marijuana smoke has adverse effects on the lungs. However, there is little knowledge about marijuana's potential to cause lung cancer due to the difficulty in identifying and studying people who have smoked only marijuana.

The new study begins to address that question by comparing marijuana smoke vs. tobacco smoke in terms of toxicity to cells and to DNA. Scientists exposed cultured animal cells and bacteria to condensed smoke samples from both marijuana and tobacco. There were distinct differences in the degree and type of toxicity elicited by marijuana and cigarette smoke. Marijuana smoke caused significantly more damage to cells and DNA than tobacco smoke, the researchers note. However, tobacco smoke caused chromosome damage while marijuana did not.

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ARTICLE #2 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
"The Genotoxicity of Mainstream and Sidestream Marijuana and Tobacco Smoke Condensates"

DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT ARTICLE: http://pubs.acs.org/stoken/presspac/presspac/full/10.1021/tx9000286

Курение поможет аллергикам???

Сенсационно! http://www.scientificblogging.com/news_articles/solution_allergies_cigarettes:
Smoking is bad for you, but it can also help with allergies, according to a new study which says that cigarette smoke can prevent allergies by decreasing the reaction of immune cells to allergens.

Smoking can cause lung cancer, pulmonary disease, and can even affect how the body fights infections but along with many harmful effects, smoking cigarettes has a surprising benefit: cigarettes can protect smokers from certain types of allergies. The new study says that cigarette smoke decreases the allergic response by inhibiting the activity of mast cells, the major players in the immune system's response to allergens.

Researchers at Utrecht University in the Netherlands found that treatment of primary cultured murine mast cells with a cigarette smoke-infused solution and activated with IgE and antigen or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prevented the release of inflammation-inducing proteins in response to allergens, without affecting other mast cell immune functions.

The mast cells used in the study were derived from mice, but they say it is likely that the same anti-allergy effect will hold true in humans. While taking up smoking to cure allergies is unwise, Thomson concludes that the findings presented in this study are "consistent with a dampening of allergic responses in smokers."

Article: Mortaz E, Folkerts G, Engels F, Nijkamp FP, Redegeld FA, 'Cigarette smoke suppresses in vitro allergic activation of mouse mast cells', Clin Exp Allergy. 2009 May;39(5):679-87. Epub 2009 Mar 2